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La musique dans les camps et ghettos nazis

Il est probable qu'il y ait eu une forme de musique dans la plupart des quelque 10 000 camps nazis. Dans les camps de concentration, la musique était jouée dans les conditions extrêmes de l'emprisonnement.

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La musique dans les camps de la mort

Même dans les camps de la mort, la musique jouait un rôle important dans la vie quotidienne. Des orchestres officiels ont été créés et se produisaient aux portes des camps le matin et le soir, ainsi que lors de concerts hebdomadaires. Les prisonniers continuaient également à jouer de la musique en secret, à l'abri des regards des SS.

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Les prisonniers s'alignent dans la cour de l'Oranienburg

Les commandants des camps ont rapporté que les prisonniers chantaient joyeusement dans le cadre d'une propagande concertée visant à dissimuler les horreurs du camp.                                            

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Des survivants du ghetto de Łódź forment les Happy Boys

Les artistes et les spectacles organisés étaient comme du pain et des pommes de terre pour les habitants du ghetto de Łódź. Des concerts et des représentations théâtrales sont organisés à la "Maison de la culture" fondée par "l'aîné des Juifs" Mordechai Khayim Rumkowski.

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Torture sonore à Dachau

La musique produite par un haut-parleur situé sur le Schubraumgebäude, à partir de disques ou de la radio, avait un effet écrasant sur les prisonniers.                                                                    

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Au milieu des horreurs de l'Holocauste, les camps et les ghettos sont devenus la scène sinistre d'un drame unique et tragique : les expériences des musiciens et des compositeurs. Cette section explore leur vie dans des circonstances inimaginables, où la musique, symbole de beauté et d'expression, a joué des rôles complexes et souvent paradoxaux.

Nous explorerons les diverses expériences des musiciens emprisonnés : les représentations forcées utilisées à des fins de propagande et de contrôle, les compositions clandestines de réconfort et de défi, et la lutte pour maintenir l'identité artistique face à des souffrances inimaginables. Cette section met en lumière la résilience de l'esprit humain et le pouvoir de la musique de transcender même les circonstances les plus sombres.

Diana Blumenfeld

Musicien
Chanteur
Acteur

Diana Blumenfeld (1903–1961) was a folksinger, pianist, and actress. Caught in the ghetto along with her husband, family and friends, she continued to sing, performing in cafes and in the ghetto theatre.

Yankl Krimski

Musicien
Acteur

Yankl Krimski was a theatre artist and musician in the Vilna ghetto. One of his most popular songs was 'Dos Elnte Kind' (The Lonely Child). Krimski’s fate is uncertain, but he is believed to have perished in an Estonian labour camp in 1943.

Mordechai Gebirtig

Poète
Acteur
Compositeur

Poet, actor and songwriter Mordechai Gebirtig (1877-1942) was politically active and called 'the perfect Jewish folk poet'. His songs provide a window into daily Jewish life in inter-war Poland.

Isa Vermehren

Chanteur
Acteur

Isa Vermehren (1918-2009) volunteered to support the German troops as an entertainer between 1940 and 1943. Due to her brother's defection she was taken to Ravensbrück, where she was locked in an isolation cell.

Benzion Moskovits

Chantre

In 1942 Cantor Benzion Moskovitsh (1907-1968) was deported to Westerbork and in 1944 to Buchenwald. There he sang for fellow prisoners and took notes of melodies he heard on a smuggled block-note.

Yehoshua Wieder

Chantre

Cantor Yehoshua Wieder and his family were deported to Auschwitz, where his wife Chana and three youngest children were killed. Wieder and his three other children survived.

Charles Lowy

Chantre

Cantor Charles Lowy (1911-1998) escaped Munich after Kristallnacht to Hungary and became chief cantor in Szolnok. From 1942 he was subjected to forced labour and liberated by the Red Army in 1945. His wife and son were killed in Auschwitz.

Gershon Sirota

Chantre

Gershon Sirota (1874-1943) was one of the leading cantors of Europe during the "Golden Age of Hazzanut", sometimes referred to as the "Jewish Caruso". He and his family died together in the Warsaw uprising in 1943.

Ullmann, Viktor

Professeur de musique
Compositeur
Chef d'orchestre

Carlo Taube

Musicien
Compositeur
Chef d'orchestre

In December 1941, pianist, composer and conductor Carlo Sigmund Taube (1897-1944) was deported to Theresienstadt with his wife and child.

James Simon

Compositeur

In spring 1944, composer, pianist and musicologist James Simon (1880-1944) was sent to Westerbork. On April 4 he was deported with 1000 other inmates to Terezín. On 12 October 1944 he boarded the transport to Auschwitz.

Zikmund Schul

Compositeur

The composer and violinist Zikmund Schul (1916-1944) and his father left Germany in October 1933, taking residence in Prague. He was transported to Terezín on 11 November 1941 where he continued to compose pieces, few of which survive.

Rafael Schächter

Musicien
Compositeur
Chef d'orchestre

Rafael Schächter (1905-1944) made his name as an accompanist and vocal coach, working in opera and theatre before deportation to Terezin in Nov 1941. A pioneer of cultural life in the ghetto, he was deported to Auschwitz on 16 Oct 1944.

Dovid Ayznshtat

Compositeur
Chef d'orchestre

Dovid Ayznshtat (1890–1942) continued to compose, conduct, perform, and train aspiring musicians, in the Warsaw Ghetto, despite the limitations and dangers of ghetto life.

Misha Veksler

Compositeur
Chef d'orchestre

The conductor and composer Misha Veksler (1907-1943) became an important figure in the musical world of the Vilna ghetto, serving as the conductor of the theatre orchestra and composing music for many of the revues that were performed there.

Wolf Durmashkin

Musicien
Compositeur
Chef d'orchestre

Wolf Durmashkin (1914–1944) was a Jewish composer, conductor and pianist in Vilnius. He was deported to Klooga during the liquidation of the Vilna ghetto and was killed one day before liberation.

Martin Rosenberg

Réalisateur

In 1933, Rosebury D’Arguto’s activities with his Gesangsgemeinschaft was banned. On a return trip to Germany to settle some personal matters in September 1939, he was arrested by the Gestapo, and taken to Sachsenhausen where he organized a Jewish choir.

Kurt Gerron

Acteur
Réalisateur

A cabaret artist, theatre and film actor and director of theatre and early sound movies, Kurt Gerron (1897-1944) was a successful entertainer of the 1920s and early 1930s. He directed the Terezin propaganda film and was killed soon after.

Jehovah's Witnesses

témoin de Jéhovah

Erich Hugo Frost

Musicien
témoin de Jéhovah

Composer and musician Erich Hugo Frost (1900-1987) was imprisoned several times in prisons and concentration camps between 1934 and 1945. He composed ‘Fest steht in großer, schwerer Zeit (Stand Fast in Great and Hard Times) in the spring of 1941.

Yankl Trupyanski

Songwriter
Professeur de musique

Yankl Trupyanski was (1909-1944) a music teacher and composer of children's songs in Warsaw and Vilna. He composed many of the songs sung by children in the Yiddish schools of the inter-war years.

Zofia Czajkowska

Professeur de musique
Musicien
Chef d'orchestre

The Polish music teacher Zofia Czajkowska arrived in Auschwitz on 27 April 1942 on a transport from her home town of Tarnow. She was to become the original organiser and first conductor of the Birkenau women’s orchestra.

Hans Neumeyer

Professeur de musique
Compositeur

From the age of fourteen, Hans Neumeyer (1887-1944), a composer and teacher of musical composition, was completely blind. He died whilst interned in Theresienstadt on 19 May 1944.

Leo Strauss

Songwriter
Musicien

Leo Straus (1897-1944) was arrested along with his wife Myra and sent to Theresienstadt where he was involved in cabaret productions, both as a librettist and performer. In October 1944, they were deported to Auschwitz and killed.

Egon Ledeč

Musicien
Compositeur

Egon Ledeč (1889-1944) was a Czech violinist and composer sent to Theresienstadt. He appears as the concertmaster in Karel Ančerl’s orchestra in the Nazi propaganda film of the camp.

Artur Gold

Musicien

Artur Gold (1897-1943) était un violoniste et compositeur polonais. Il a collaboré avec son frère Henryk Gold et avec Jerzy Petersburski, avec qui il a arrangé de la musique. Lui et ses collègues musiciens ont été assassinés pendant les dernières semaines de Treblinka.

Wladyslaw Szpilman

Musicien

The musical career of Wladyslaw Szpilman (1911-2000) was interrupted by the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. Szpilman and his family were driven, along with hundreds of thousands of other Jews, into the Warsaw ghetto.

Avraham Sutzkever

Partisan
Poète

Avraham Sutzkever (1913-2010) is one of the most important contemporary Yiddish poets. During the war, Sutzkever was involved in many acts of resistance and helped save many important texts. He escaped to Moscow with his wife.

Leah Rudnitski

Partisan
Poète

Leah Rudnitski (1916-1943) wrote one of the most beautiful lullabies to have survived the Vilna ghetto, entitled ‘Dremlen feygl oyf di tsvaygn’ (Birds doze on the boughs). She was arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Treblinka, where she was murdered.

Shmerke Kaczerginski

Musicien
Partisan
Poète

[Translated to "French" by "deepL"] Poète et combattant partisan, Shmerke Kaczerginski (1908-1954) était un collectionneur de chants yiddish de la Shoah. Il a été envoyé dans le ghetto de Vilna au début de l'année 1942 où il a composé des chansons pour consoler les prisonniers et encourager la résistance.

Hirsh Glick

Partisan
Poète

Hirsch Glick (1922-1944) was a Jewish poet and partisan. He began to write Yiddish poetry in his teens and became co-founder of Yungvald, a group of young Jewish poets.

Wladyslaw Szlengel

Poète

Władysław Szlengel (1912-1943) was a Jewish-Polish poet, lyricist, journalist, and stage actor. He was shot along with his wife at the age of 28.

Isaiah Shpigl

Poète

Writer, poet and teacher of Yiddish literature, Isaiah Spiegel (1906-1990), was an inmate of the Lodz Ghetto from its inception in 1940 until its liquidation in 1945. In August 1944, Shpigl hid some of his writings in a cellar and took the rest with him to Auschwitz.

Moshe Diskant

Poète

An important poet and song writer in the Kovno ghetto, Moshe Diskant was critical of the divisions between wealthy and poor in the ghetto.

Avrom Akselrod

Poète
Compositeur

Avrom Akselrod was a well-known poet and songwriter in the Kovno ghetto, known for his cynical, humorous and realistic depictions of the misery and occasional joys of ghetto life.

Karel Berman

Chanteur

Bass singer Karel Berman (1919-1995) was deported to Terezin on 6 Mar 1943. He sang in operas and recitals and was cast as 'Death' in Ullmann’s Der Kaiser von Atlantis. Transported to Auschwitz on 28 Sep 1944 and liberated from the Allach camp.

Marysia Ayznshtat

Chanteur

Marysia Ayznshtat (1921-1942) était l'une des figures musicales les plus appréciées du ghetto de Varsovie. Elle a été abattue par un officier SS à l'âge de vingt et un ans.

Khayele Rozental

Chanteur

Khayele Rozental (1924-1979) was one of the most popular singers in the Vilna ghetto. She established her talents in drama and singing aged 16, when she was chosen to represent Vilna at the Festival of Songs in Moscow.

Lyube Levitski

Chanteur

Soprano Lyube Levitski's beautiful voice made her a star at the age of 21. In the Vilna ghetto she was lashed, kept in solitary confinement for a month, and eventually killed at Ponar.

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Brundibár

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Classical Singers and the Holocaust

From 1933, a fine voice and vocal artistry were passports to freedom for some classically trained Jewish singers. But many singers could not escape.

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Eugen Engel

Composer Eugen Engel (1875-1943) found it increasingly difficult to pursue his musical activities. In 1943 He was deported to Sobibór death camp.

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Marysia Ayznshtat

Marysia Ayznshtat (1921-1942) était l'une des figures musicales les plus appréciées du ghetto de Varsovie. Elle a été abattue par un officier SS à l'âge de vingt et un ans.

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